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วันจันทร์ที่ 26 มีนาคม พ.ศ. 2555
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วันอังคารที่ 20 มีนาคม พ.ศ. 2555
The Classification of Clothing
Clothing can be divided into many kinds. There is not a standard to classify clothing. However, there is a noncontroversial classification. It is classified according to the sex. This way can divide clothing into the clothing of male, female, children three types. Actually, according to use, material and style, different kinds of clothing show different styles and features. And different classifications lead to different appellation of clothing. At present, there are several methods that should be followed.
Firstly, according to the base shapes and the structures, clothing can be divided into three types.
The first one is made according to the structure of people. This type usually has two parts. They are upper clothing and lower clothing. The upper one should adapt to the form of human bust, nape and arm while the lower one should be fit into the form of waist, buttocks and leg. What is more, they are must be strict with cutting and sewing. The second one will not have too many restrictions. This type comes of one dress fashion in tropical area. From this point, we can know that they are casual. The last one combines the first one with the second one. It has both advantages of them. Although the tailor of them uses the sample and plane design, they take human being as a center.
Secondly, according to the craftsmanship, the use and the garment material, we can divide them into two main types as well.
In terms of use, the first one is divided into underclothes and over clothes. At the same time, this type also can be divided into social, daily, professional, sports and performance clothing etc. The second one is classified by the garment material and the craftsmanship, such as Chinese clothing, western clothing, embroidery clothing,, knitwear and so on.
Last but not the least, according to the manufacture and the processing characteristic of knitwear, we can divide them into wool knitwear and cotton knitwear. In terms of the garment materials, and spinning craftsmanship, the wool knitwear can be subdivided into many types, such as woolen wear, blended fabric and clothing, nylon clothing and so on.
There are many classifications of clothing, we can not tell you one by one. However, no matter how they classify, they are all just appellations which will not affect our choice. What we care are the comfort and the garment materials, others are not so important.
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วันจันทร์ที่ 19 มีนาคม พ.ศ. 2555
Louis Vuitton - Paris Fall 2011 / Winter 2012
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วันเสาร์ที่ 17 มีนาคม พ.ศ. 2555
Interior Designers Bedroom and Fashion Closet for Daughter
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วันพฤหัสบดีที่ 15 มีนาคม พ.ศ. 2555
Fun Facts About South Africa
DID YOU KNOW THAT...
Perhaps the most famous South African movie is "Tsotsi" by Gavin Hood."Tsotsi" is a story about a gang leader.On March 5, 2006, "Tsotsi" won the Academy Award for Foreign Language Film in Los Angeles.
In his speech, Gavin Hood said, "God bless Africa. Wow. I have a speech, it´s in my pocket, but that thing says 38 seconds. But mine´s way too long. Go to tsotsi.com and there is a huge long list of people. Because I´m accepting this not for myself. This is for best foreign language film. It is sitting right there to start with.Please stand up Presley Chweneyagae and Terry Pheto. My two fantastic young leads. Put the cameras on them, please. Viva Africa. Viva. I´ve got ten seconds.Ten seconds I just want to thank my fellow nominees who I´ve become deep friends with. We may have foreign language films, but our stories are the same as your stories. They´re about the human heart and emotion. It says please wrap.Thank you so much. Thank you to the Academy. Thank you".
Winner: "Tsotsi" (South Africa)
Finalists:
-"Sophie Scholl" (Germany)
-"Joyeux Noel" (France)
-"The Beast of the Heart" (Italy)
-"Paradise Now" (Palestine)
DID YOU KNOW THAT...
For the first time since 1960, South Africa sent a delegation to compete in the Olympic Games. Certainly, South Africa sent 94 athletes to the 1992 Olympic Games, which were held in Barcelona, Spain.The African delegation had athletes competing in seventeen areas: archery, badminton, boxing, kayak, cycling, equestrian, fencing, modern pentathlon, rowing, sailing, shooting, swimming, table tennis, tennis, track and field, weighlifting and wrestling. They returned to South Africa with two silver medals.
DID YOU KNOW THAT...
Nelson Mandela was one of the most important leaders in the 20th century.He played a fundamental role in the recuperation of the nation´s democracy. Under his leadership, South Africa adopted one of the best constitutions in the world.Mandela once said, "And so it has come to pass that South Africa today undergoes her rebirth, cleansed of a horrible past, matured from a tentative beginning, and reaching out to the future with confidence. Our pledge is : never and never again shall the laws of our land rend our people apart or legalize their oppression and repression".
Since 1993, in South Africa you can feel the freedom. Different from Cuba, Iran, and Zimbabwe, South Africa is a democracy where the civil society has immense influence and power.
DID YOU KNOW THAT...
South Africa has loads of national parks and reserves that are the home of some amazing wildlife. The Kruger National Park is one of the most popular tourist spots in the African continent. It is one of the world´s most beautiful national parks. The Kruger National Park provides an ideal habitat for animals such as elephants, giraffes, rhinoceroses, monkeys, zebras, cheetahs, hyenas, hippopotamus, gazelles, elands, lions, and African wild dogs.
DID YOU KNOW THAT...
South Africa has three capitals: Cape Town (legislative), Pretoria (administrative), and Bloemfontein (judicial).However, Johannesburg is the most important economic, industrial and cultural center in South Africa.It is one of the most industrialized cities in the Third World along with Taipei (Taiwan), Mexico City (Mexico), and Seoul (South Korea).In 2006 Johannesburg had a population of 2.6 million
DID YOU KNOW THAT...
For the first time, Africa will host 2010 FIFA World Cup.The Football World Championship to be held in South Africa.In 2000,Joseph Blatter, FIFA president, wanted the FIFA to vote for South Africa.However, New Zealand´s Charlie Dempsey ducked out of the final vote and Germany nicked it.For this reason, Germany hosted the World Cup in 2006.
In 2007,Thabo Mbeki, South African president, said: "I have no doubt that our local organising committee, government at all levels, and everybody concerned will do the necessary work to guarantee that we host a better tournament in 2010 than the excellent 2006 German World Cup".
It also noted that millions of dollars have been spent in the past years on reforming South Africa´s sporting system.
DID YOU KNOW THAT...
About half of the world´s gold is produced in South Africa.
DID YOU KNOW THAT...
South Africa has many famous people: Christian Barnard (surgeon), Miriam Makeba (singer and anti-AIDS activist), Caron Bernstein (model,actress and singer), Nelson Mandela (former president and anti-AIDS activist), Nadine Gordimer (writer), Athol Fugard (writer),Mathosa (singer), Zola Budd (sportswoman), Charlize Theron (actress), Ilene Hamann (actress and model), Harry Oppenheimer (anti-apartheid industrialist), Richard Goldstone (international judge), Musetta Vander (actress and model), Danny Koppel (singer), Zakes Mokae (actor), Juliet prowse (dancer and actress), and Joe Mafela (actor).
DID YOU KNOW THAT...
The South African Penny Heyns, won the 100-and 200-meter breaststroke events at the 1996 Summer Olympics.She is considered among South Africa´s national heroines. Like Anthony Nesty (Suriname), Felipe Muñoz (Mexico), Claudia Poll (Costa Rica), and Kirsty Coventry (Zimbabwe), Penny Heyns is a Third World swimming icon.
DID YOU KNOW THAT...
South Africa has many World Heritage Sites by UNESCO: Greater Saint Lucia Wetland Park (1999), Robben Island (1999), Drakensberg Park (2000), Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape (2003), Vredefort Dome (2005), and Cape Floral Region Protected Areas (2004).
DID YOU KNOW THAT...
On March 26, 1998, American U.S. president Bill Clinton visited South Africa.
DID YOU KNOW THAT...
South Africa has more Nobel Prizes than Mexico(3) India (2) Brazil (0)Argentina (3) Cuba (0), and the People´s Republic of China (1).
South Africa has six Nobel Prize winners:
1960: Albert J. Luthuli (Nobel Prize for Peace)
1982: Aaron Klug (Nobel Prize for Chemistry)
1984:Bishop Desmond Tutu (Nobel Prize for Peace)
1991: Nadine Gordimer (Nobel Prize for Literature)
1993: Nelson Mandela and Frederik W. de Klerk (Nobel Prize for Peace)
2003: John Maxwell Coetzee (Nobel Prize for Literature)
DID YOU KNOW THAT...
The people of South Africa are proud that their country is a society of people with many different backgrounds. Many people are mixture of several nationalities and races. About 2 million Asians live in South Africa. The ancestors of the most of them came from India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Maldives, and Sri Lanka.
DID YOU KNOW THAT...
South Africa superstar Charlize Theron is an icon in Africa. She is a woman one can not fail to admire.
Academy Award winning actress, Halle Berry worked as a fashion model in the 1980s.Berry is not the only Hollywood star who made a living from special jobs before becoming famous. For many actresses, this early experience came in useful in their acting career. The South African actress Charlize Theron -who has appeared in over twenty films in a movie career lasting over ten years- was a supermodel in the 1990s.
Hollywood actress Charlize Theron was born on August7, 1975, in Benoni, Gauteng, South Africa.She has German and French ancestry. Charlize grew up to be a beautiful young woman and attracted the attentions of many people.She speaks English, Afrikaans and Xhosa.
Charlize had been an international model since the age of 16. She began her career in Milan, Italy. In late 1996 she became an actress.On February 29, 2004, Charlize won an Academy Award for Best actress for her role as Aileen Wuournos in the film "Monster". She became the first African actress to win an Oscar for Best Actress in the history.
Charlize Theron is one of the most beautiful women in the world.The elegant clothes she wears complement her perfect body.
Filmography:"Celebrity" (1998), "Reindeer Games" (2000), "The Yards" ( 2000), "Men of Honor" (2000), "The Italian Job" (2003),
"Monster" (2003), "The Life and Death of Peters Sellers" (2004),"North Country" (2005), and "The Brazilian Job (2006).
DID YOU KNOW THAT...
The Nobel Prize Nadine Gordimer is a human rights activist. Her proudest moment was when she testified at a 1986 treason trial on behalf of 22 South African anti-apartheid activists.
DID YOU KNOW THAT...
South Africa has had famous athletes in the past century: Reggie Walker (olympic 100m gold medallist in 1908), Esther Brand (olympic high jump gold medallist in 1952), Joan Harrison (swimmer,won 1 olympic gold medal in 1952), and Sam Atkinson (olympic 110m hurdles gold medallist in 1928).
DID YOU KNOW THAT...
Mathosa was one of the best singers in South Africa. She was called "South Africa´s Madonna of the townships". In the 1990s, Mathosa was considered among the most talented artists in Africa.
DID YOU KNOW THAT...
The 2003 Nobel Prize for Literature was awarded to South African author John Maxwell Coetzee. He was the fourth African Nobel laurate for literature after Wolle Soyinka of Nigeria (1986), Naguib Mahfouz of Egypt (1988), and Coetzee´s countrywoman Nadine Gordimer (1991). J.M Coetzee was born on February 9, 1940, in Cape Town, South Africa. He was cited by the Swedish Academy as an author "who in innumerables guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider".Certainly, Coetzee is one of the most famous South African authors in the 21st century.
DID YOU KNOW THAT...
South Africa hosted the 1999 Pan African Games.
DID YOU KNOW THAT...
The golf is a popular sport in South Africa. South Africa has had famous golfers throughout its sports history.In the 1960s and 1970s, Gary Player was one of the best golfers in the world. He won many tournaments such as the Masters Golf Tournament ( 1961,1974, and 1978), the United States Open (1965), the PGA Championship (1962 and 1972), and the British Open ( 1959, 1968, and 1974).His countryman Bobby Locke won the British Open (1949, 1950, 1952, and 1957). Furthermore, South Africa won two times the World Cup Golf: 1965 (Gary Player and Harold Henning) and 1974 (Bobby Cole and Dale Hayes).
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วันอังคารที่ 13 มีนาคม พ.ศ. 2555
Ancient Greece Citizens
When we use the word "citizens" we are usually referring to a group of people who live in the same city, with a common origin, language, customs and laws. According to Plato, the ideal city should have no more than 5000 inhabitants, so that they would all know each other. But in 5th century Athens, things were somewhat different, with approximately 40,000 citizens, 20,000 metoici (resident aliens) and about 100,000 slaves. To these we must also add the women and children, who were never included in the numbers of inhabitants.
The male inhabitants of Athens were divided into three groups: citizens, metoici and slaves. Athenian citizens were only men 18 years of age and older whose forebears had been Athenians for three generations. These fortunate people enjoyed all the rights of free men and could be elected to all the offices of the State. The villager who arrived at dawn from Acharnes in order to take part in the daily draw for participation in some service, had the same possibility of being elected as the son of the old-time aristocrat. This ability to concern one's self with public matters naturally persupposed the existence of leisure time. Athenian citizens preferred not to work, but rather tried to be men of independent means, having others look after the cultivation of their lands and the administration of their property. Manual labour, even artistic creation, was considered by many to be degrading. Despite this, Socrates made a speech urging the poor people to work, even though he himself did precisely the opposite. The need for manpower was often covered by the thetes who were the poorest of the citizens and made their living as workers or as rural day-labourers. In this way, wealthier Athenians were absolutely free to occupy themselves with public matters, primarily with politics. But the poor citizens were obligated to present a certain minimum attendance at the Assembly, and for this reason the state had the foresight to provide some money for those who represented their tribe at sessions and trials, thus at least making good their lost earnings.
All inhabitants paid the same taxes. In addition, the wealthy undertook sponsorships thus acquiring both the moral satisfaction of their contribution and the social prestige. They served in the army in accordance with their income: as knights with their own horse and a suitable retinue, or in the navy as captains of trirenes, which they themselves took care to man. The poor but proud thetes frequently preferred the harsh life of the oarsman, solely to show their identity as free equal citizens, even though the earnings were meagre. Wealthy, poor or destitute, Athenian citizens were all extremely proud of their origin, so proud that they never called their city "Athens" but the "city of the Athenians". Participating in the administration of the Polis was taken for granted for the citizen who voted, judged and, like all people with plenty of free time, took care to be informed about what was happening in the city. This dedication of the Athenians to public life made them obey the laws and worry about any possible breach of the law which would cause them to be downgraded through the loss of their citizen's rights.
One might say that the biographers of the Athenian citizens were Aristophanes, Plato, Xenophon and Plutarch, each from a different point of view. Much of what we know about the working classes is taken from peevish references in the comedies of Aristophanes, whose sharp tongue conceals nothing. He may have been making fun of the village lout, who went to the Agora reeking of garlic to hear a philosopher speak without realising it, but he also gave us information about each person's chances of acquiring knowledge. From the kindly villager Strepsiades in Clouds, we hear complaints about his wife, a woman from the capital city, who makes him wash and take off his comfortable but dirty clothes, and we realise that an unsuitable marriage has always been a disaster. Xenophon, also, was a practical man of the city who fought far away from his homeland, became acquainted with the people of other countries and developed the taste for a city open to all kinds of positive influences, even foreign. This breadth of mind may perhaps have been the natural destiny of a dynamic man who undertook to lead his fellow soldiers from distant Mesopotamia, through the highlands of Armenia, to the shores of the Black Sea, and finally home. Plutarch, too, who was born in Chaeronia in the first century AD, has left us invaluable information about public life and chiefly about certain famous Athenians whom he included in his Lives.
Plato, one of the most significant figures in the history of philosophy, was born of a father who came from the Kodros family, and a mother from that of Solon. He usually wrote in the form of a dialogue in which he himself did not appear, although he put his views into the mouth of Socrates, his teacher. Plato enlivened his social environment in which refined men went to symposia and exchanged views about philosophy or music. At the home of the enormously wealthy Kallias, for example, intellectuals speculated on whether virtue could be taught; they would spend their evenings with music from a lyre accompanying their conversation or perhaps with the occasional song. Although all had some musical training, no one would agree to play the flute, because to do so one had to disfigure one's face by puffing up one's cheeks to make sound. At the most famous supper in history, the participants selected eros (love) as the subject for the evening. This was the Symposium at which well-to-do Athenian citizens represented by aristocrats, men of learning, poets, politicians and philosophers joined together in a lively discussion. Together with Socrates, the invited guest, they also welcomed a poor barefoot man who was fortunate enough to be Socrates' pupil and follower. Each one spoke on the selected topic, expressing his views in a witty and pleasant way. At some point the handsome Alcibiades appeared, roaring drunk, leaning on a courtesan and garlanded with Attic pansies. Even though a great deal of wine was consumed, the discussion continued without exceeding the bounds of propriety, while other groups of revellers were constantly coming and going.
They all agreed that eros has the greatest power since it awakes in human beings abilities to distinguish themselves and that it also is a factor deterring unseemly behaviour, as one is afraid to lose face in the eyes of the beloved. Everybody distinguished the transient physical attraction of Aphrodite from the uncorrupted beauty of Urania who brings souls closer together, approaching perfection. They would say in jest that eros always looks young because by leaving, he avoids growing old; and perhaps he is always immortal because he lives, is lost and is reborn again. They concluded that what is important in love is quality, to whichever sex one's love is addressed, because eros is the purpose and not the object of desire. Such were the surroundings of the golden youth of Athens who, listening to such lofty discussions, would fall in love at will, admired physical beauty and the intellectual vigour of wise men with equal ardour, and whenever required, went into battle where they won awards for valour. Athenian citizens were people who could live in a democratic world with the subtlety of an aristocrat; they obliged Plato to say how praiseworthy was the man who could distinguish between the three gradations in the human personality: free speech, courage and base desires. The ideal citizen never allows the first two to be subjugated by the last.
The large number of metoici was a purely Athenian phenomenon, as xenophobic Sparta kept those who were not from its region at a distance. Athens on the contrary, was open to Greeks from other cities and even to foreigners who wished to live and work in Attica. The metoici had all the obligations of the Athenian citizen but enjoyed very few of his rights. They lived scattered over the townships, paid taxes and served in the army only as hoplites (footsoldiers). They were able to acquire goods and slaves, but were not permitted to own land. They could worship any gods they chose, but had no right to vote nor could they be elected to any important office, only to the lower ones, e.g. as heralds or contractors for public works. Most of them were artisans, merchants and a good number acted as bankers.
Since they constituted the productive class, many of them became wealthy and distinguished themselves through sponsorships, indeed some became legally accepted into the class of citizens. On the contrary, if a metoicos attempted to usurp the rights of the free citizen illegally, then he was downgraded to a slave. In trials, metoici always had to have the support of an Athenian citizen as guarantor and it is characteristic that if a metoicos killed a citizen, he was condemned to death, while if he murdered another metoicos, the punishment was only exile. The children of marriages between citizens and metoici were not considered to be Athenians unless they won general esteem through wealth or special acts. Many famous artists and philosophers in ancient Athens were metoici and it seems that they accepted their treatment as second-class citizens without protest. Generally, Athenian citizens treated metoici with the politeness of a host toward a welcome guest, up to the point where vested interests were affected, and above all the inherited tradition of the state.
Women, in the homes of both citizens of Athens and metoici, had absolutely no right to hold an opinion or to participate in public affairs. The Athenian imagination justified depriving women of their rights since the goddess Athena had won the contest for the naming of the city by just one female vote. It was then that the matriarchy was nearly set aside in favour of the warrior protectors, who never tolerated female initiatives, which is why women were punished by being excluded from any future important decision. This happened at the time of Kekrops who established marriage as a consolation, making it the primary goal in the life of Athenian women. And of course, marriage meant having children, which is why from birth to death, the female Athenian remained confined inside the home. Girls were married very young to a husband selected by their fathers, to whom they owed absolute obedience. They had to be fully familiar with housekeeping, command the respect of the household slaves and be imbued with a spirit of economy. If an educated slave happened to live in the house then there was a possibility that the girls would learn some reading and writing; but more frequently they were taught only music and dancing.
If a daughter happened to be the sole inheritor of the patriarchal fortune, she would be given in marriage to the closest relative on her father's side, even with a brother of the same father, but never one by the same mother, because the genuine blood line was regarded as being only from the side of the mother. In the event of a request for a divorce, the interested woman had to present herself to the Archon, a virtually heard-of procedure. But even if some desperate women dared, the possibilities of being heard were minimal. There is the example of Hipparete, wife of the incorrigible Alcibiades, who at some point, could no longer stand the incongruities of her marriage. The courageous lady took her application to the Archon, but Alcibiades was notified by his friends, and instead of being divorced, caught her and shut her up in the women's section of the house, without anyone objecting.
We have a good deal of information about Athenian women from Xenophon who wrote about a certain Isomachos, about 30 years old, who married an ignorant 15year-old girl and announced her duties to her: to cook, weave, oversee the slaves, avoid waste and above all to be obedient to her husband. Plutarch also spoke of the dignity of Athenian women and the modesty of their dress, as opposed to the athletic young Spartan women whom he referred to contemptuously because they wore short tunics that showed their thighs. But it was Aristophanes who castigated the dynamic women who dared to protest; his Lysistrata demonstrated the opinion of the ancient Athenians about where the power of women lies. In the Ecclesiazouses, he notes sarcastically that everything has always taken place behind closed doors, without disturbing the calm of ignorance and custom.
Perhaps the most succinct indication of the status of women in Athenian society was that of an orator who said that women fall into three categories: courtesans for the delight of the spirit, concubines for pleasure, and wives for the acquisition of legitimate children. It appears that things were so difficult for wives that Solon instituted a law demanding that Athenian men who happened to have property from their wives, visit them in their chambers at least three times a month in order to produce a male heir to carry on the family name. In the Symposium, Socrates noted that men have fewest conversations with their wives, and mentioned the name of a certain Nikiratos who was bound to his wife by true mutual love, a very rare occurrence. Plato, too, suggested that marriage based on love would be better; but this was for the ideal utopian "Republic" and not for the Asty of reality.
The instruments of pleasure, the hetaeres (courtesans), were of two types: the common ones who were called walkers and the special ones, who lived on the support of their rich patrons. Selected from childhood for their physical beauty, they were especially trained to be pleasing. They were the only women who could circulate freely and thus many of the courtesans had the opportunity to receive an education by listening to the various philosophers. In all symposium scenes, we can see young hetaeres. Orchistrides danced and the avlitrides played the flute and chatted with the carefree revellers whom they were entertaining, whose homes were supervised with the zeal of Cerberus by the dignified lady of the house, who always carried bunch of keys at her waist. The homes of the famous hetaeres were open to philosophers and artists, who would meet in a highly intellectual atmosphere; many of these women used their charms for diplomatic or spying purposes: situations as old as society. One famous hetaera was the beautiful, learned Aspasia from Miletus, who so influenced Pericles and so provoked the envy of the Athenians.
Representations on ceramics show us scenes from a very controversial phenomenon, pederasty, which was one outlet for the instincts in a society where women were confined to their apartments and were without interests or education. Another reason was that constant wars kept the male population far from home. The rise in pederasty coincided with the cult of the naked male body which we admire in the young kouroi. But also, in a society where the father, when he was not at war was busy with public matters, it was natural for a boy to seek guidance from some older friend of the same sex, creating a relationship between an experienced person and someone to whom he passes on his knowledge. It is noteworthy that the lovers were always very masculine and never appeared to be feminine or dressed in women's clothes. Plutarch said that when the young man's beard began to grow, that was the end of the relationship, which was socially acceptable.
It was noted earlier that Plato in his Symposium presented a unique analysis of the concept of eros, the beginning and end of which was intellectual unanimity. It is possible that at this very famous supper, Alcibiades in a jest created a jealous scene over Socrates, but he himself, whom Plato called the "image of eros" died in the arms of a famous courtesan Timandra, mother of the equally famous Corinthian Laida. Of the ten people present at the symposium, only two were conscious homosexuals: the host Agathon and his companion Pausanias. As for Socrates, he was presented there as paragon of abstinence, even though he had had too much to drink, and even though he was provoked shamelessly, because in any relationship, what was important was the mind and not the instincts. It seems that pederasty rarely turned into homosexuality. This male companionship was usually limited to teen-age. Moreover, the phenomenon was restricted after the 4th century, when the various presentations on pottery show the great majority of couples to be heterosexual. But let us leave the private life of the Athenians and talk about another social presence in the Polis, that of the slaves.
In order to expand their businesses, metoici bought ever more slaves. Thus a third group of inhabitants of Athens was created: people who had few hopes of improving either their own lot, that of their children or of their children's children. In Attica, slavery had begun in the mythical time of the Pelasgians. The construction workers brought in from elsewhere to build the first Athenian walls annoyed the women and children of the local people at the well from which they all drew water, and for this reason, the angry Athenians took them prisoner and began to use them as servants. According to Plato, true slaves had to be foreigners, mainly prisoners of war; he recommended that his fellow citizens avoid buying enslaved Greeks from other regions. The slave trade flourished in ancient Greece and we wonder how a wise man like Aristotle can refer to these unfortunate creatures as being like wild animals.
The largest slave market in Attica was in Sounion, obviously for the needs of the mines in Lavrion. The slaves who were bought and became metallevomenoi (mine workers) were the most unlucky because few of them lived very long, due to the hard work and appalling conditions. To this day, the Greek word ekmetallefsi means exploitation. Family slaves had a much better fate, even though they too were considered to be a type of property.
When someone bought a slave and took him home, the lady of the house made him sit at the family hearth and the other members of the family sprinkled him with nuts, giving him a name. From that moment on, the slave was an inseparable member of the family and had to participate in sacred rituals. If he had children, they belonged to the family and when he died, they buried him in the family grave. He had no rights, apart from the possibility of appealing to the altar in the Agora, and to request sanctuary if his life was unbearable. But he had to prove his case.
No Athenian citizen or metoicos considered himself to be worthy of respect without a few slaves. It is believed that every home had an average of about 10 slaves, who looked after the household tasks and also accompanied their masters in their public appearances. In wartime, slaves followed on foot, carrying their master's weapons or holding slingshots. In the event that a slave was educated, he served as a teacher of the young people of the family, passing on his knowledge to them and accompanying them to the higher schools and gymnasia. Information has come down to us that quite a few slaves were given their freedom, promoting them to the group of freemen, but the bonds with the family always remained very strong.
Looking at the various inhabitants of Athens, we are often surprised by their way of life and by their values which are frequently incomprehensible to people living today. But we have an enormous obligation to all of them for their contribution to the heritage they left behind: to the wealthy for the mind, to the workers for the art, to the women for maintaining the family, to the slaves for the endless free and creative hours enjoyed by their masters. Pragmatists and poets, merchants and philosophers, warriors and peacemakers, the ancient Athenians cultivated clear thought with their minds which, with boldness of inspiration and freedom of expression, made them the epitome of their age, and the founders of Western civilisation.
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Male herpes symptoms usually begin with an itching or tingling sensation in the genital location. Following this first warning sign, the infected area may become swollen, eventually producing red bumps on the penis, anus or buttocks. These red bumps will gradually turn to blisters, and then into more painful, open sores. The healing process begins once these open sores begin to scab over.
Other herpes symptoms in men can be burning during urination, swollen lymph nodes in the groin area, constipation, lack of energy, fever and headache. If you begin to feel suffer from any of these symptoms after being sexually active with an unfamiliar partner, you might have contracted the disease.
A good thing to remember is that your herpes male symptoms can begin anywhere from 3 to 7 days after contact with an infected person. Stay highly aware of your sexual partners and when you begin to suffer from symptoms.
By paying attention to herpes male symptoms, it is possible to keep the disease and your outbreaks under control. In most cases, the male herpes symptoms are much more mild during recurring outbreaks than they were during the initial outbreak. The pain and discomfort from a recurrent outbreak will most likely last fewer days. Depending on the person, however, recurring outbreaks can resemble the first, although it is very rare.
It is important to see your doctor right away for treatment for the infection if you find yourself suffering from any herpes male symptoms. Genital herpes can be managed quite effectively if your doctor examines the male herpes symptoms soon after you become aware of them. Suffering from the disease does not mean that life, as you know it will end. You can still live a normal and active life, both outside and inside the bedroom.
With this said, the psychological effects can become a problem. Men have been known to become extremely depressed, due to fear of having more outbreaks or infecting their partner. By learning about the true risks of genital herpes, you can start to consider male herpes symptoms and outbreaks a minor nuisance instead of something to be feared.
Once you have been diagnosed as a carrier of genital herpes, the herpes symptoms in men can be treated on a regular basis. There are many options for treatments ranging from prescriptions to oral supplements to over-the-counter topical applications..
Great ways to make your herpes male symptoms more bearable are by using unscented soaps (without dyes and perfumes), wearing loose and more comfortable clothing (allow the area to breathe), using cool clothes to soothe discomfort, and keeping away from extreme heat. To dull any pain, you can also take over-the-counter meds such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen.
Your doctor can also show you the vast types of prescription drugs used to treat the disease as well. There are even a variety of herbal treatments as well. Many topical creams can be applied to the affected area during an outbreak, allowing you to get relief without side effects you may have from prescription medications. Other ways to manage herpes is by using a condom each time you have sex between outbreaks. As a general rule, it is best to avoid intercourse during an outbreak.
Remember: the best way to manage male herpes symptoms and outbreaks is to stay aware and educated about your body and the disease itself. At the first sign of symptoms, see your doctor for treatment and future treatment options. There's no need to fear herpes--an active lifestyle and rewarding sex life are still possible. Staying aware will help you keep it under control.
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วันพุธที่ 7 มีนาคม พ.ศ. 2555
Fashion Clothing Tips for Short Women
Petite curvaceous women definitely need to elongate their body using their clothing style for minimizing the volume. This is the general rule for the women owning this type of figure. In order to cover the faults of a figure not belonging to a tall, skinny 'giraffe' type model, you need to follow some essential tricks.
- Your aim is to elongate your body. The most frequent mistake petite women making in terms of clothing is cutting their bodies by using pieces of clothes as jackets and belts in the wrong proportions. Wearing large belts on top of pants or skirts together with blouses of different color is not the best choice as it cuts the body in two parts, drawing attention to the shortness of the figure.
- You should also avoid wearing extra fabric around the waist. You already possess a good amount of volume in this area and the last thing you need adding some more.
- A false myth is the idea that very long skirts make your legs look long. Very long, baggy skirts make your legs look shorter. Long skirts may make you look taller if they go down to the ankle level and if they are straight.
- A good trick to elongate your legs is to wear straight pants that cover your shoes. This will definitely add some extra inches to your legs.
- Mixing colors is permitted for petite women but remember that it is the monochromatic clothing that makes you look taller and slimmer.
- Avoid wearing thick fabric clothing as it adds extra weight to your figure.
- The best trick to elongate your body is to wear vertical lines patterned clothing. But keep in mind not to exaggerate as you will end up looking like a zebra. It is enough to wear a pair of jeans that have a vertical line in the seams and you will create the illusion of a taller person. Just one or two lines are enough to create this illusion. Try to avoid wearing clothing items with multiple vertical lines or mixing two garments with lines pattern.
- If you also have some extra pounds, the best way to hide them is to fit properly the clothing items. Remember that oversize t-shirts don't hide extra pounds, they make people look baggy, without any shape.
- Too tight means too bad. However very tight clothes are risky too.Properly fitted clothes help you show the best of your body. Never wear clothes that show an open view of your tummy. It will only call attention to this wrong part of your figure.
- And the 'must do' rule for petite women is to always wear high heels. Matching stilettos to long, straight pants is the combination that will make you look taller and slimmer in any situation.
And keep in mind: any figure fault can be covered by using the right piece of clothing.
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วันอังคารที่ 6 มีนาคม พ.ศ. 2555
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วันอาทิตย์ที่ 4 มีนาคม พ.ศ. 2555
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How to Make a Dragon Halloween Costume For Kids
Making dragon Halloween costume for your kids this Halloween is a great idea. You can make it by using basic green clothing items and cutting dragon features from fabric, cardboard and felt easily. By using green tennis ball halves for eyes and creating a large nose with sculpting clay, make a whimsical dragon face. To make him fire-breathing creature, orange chiffon in the dragon's mouth.
Let's have a look at great ideas about making Dragon Halloween Costume. To make Baby Costumes, paint two ping-pong balls and two small pill bottles green. After that, use black paint to make eyes on the balls and outline the open edges of the bottles for nostrils of dragon. Then glue them at the top of a child's green hooded sweatshirt firmly. Now cut teeth shapes on a piece of white cardboard and paste it around the top edge of the hood that's under the nostrils. With saw-tooth cut a curved tail edges from brown cardboard and glue it to the back of the shirt. Then, cut a smaller saw-toothed piece and glue it to the center of the hood by starting it right behind the eyes. Next, cut sixteen small V shapes from brown cardboard and glue four each to the ends of a pair of green mittens and to the ends of the feet of green footed pajamas carefully.
To make Dragon Halloween Costume for Children follow these guidelines. Firstly use a green sweat suit in the child's size. Then with a paint marker, draw scallops all over the sweat suit to resemble Dragon skin. Afterwards cut a piece of yellow cotton for a belly of the Dragon. Sew or fuse it to the front of the sweat shirt carefully.
Secondly cut one leg off a pair of girl size large opaque green tights carefully. This is going to be the tail. Then, make a pointed cone shape from cardboard and slip it into the toe. Stuff the leg with fiberfill and sew the end closed tightly. After cutting upside-down V shapes from tan felt and paste them to the top of the tail firmly.
Now cut the feet off a pair of boys' socks for horns of the Dragon. Then, make two small pointed cone shapes from cardboard. Slip them into the toes of the socks and stuff the socks with fiberfill to the full. Now fold the heels over and sew the ends closed firmly. After doing this make a Dragon-face mask from your cardboard and paste the horns to the top. Don't forget to cut a rubber band apart and staple it to the sides. It's going to be a great Dragon Halloween Costume.
Now it's turn of a special Lady Dragon. You have to buy or make a long black sheath dress. For this a simple jersey knit will work fine. Find a Dragon silhouette on the internet or in one of pattern books. Enlarge it to fit the front of the dress ranging from just above the waist to below the knees. Now cut the Dragon from gold lame fabric and fuse it to the front of your dress.
Make small horns from sculpting clay and glue them to a black headband. Cover the rest of the headband with fake red jewels carefully. Now it's time to apply long claw-like nail tips to your nails and paint them bright red color. Just wear black shoes and carry a long black cigarette holder with you. You are going to rock the party with this Dragon Halloween Costume.
วันศุกร์ที่ 2 มีนาคม พ.ศ. 2555
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How to Reuse Plastic Bags
Using reusable bags has caught on with grocery stores across the country, but many other types of businesses are slow to catch on. At some point or another, you'll most likely be taking a plastic bag from some type of store. When you accumulate plastic bags, how can you reuse them?
Plastic bags became popular because they are a cheap, affordable way to bag groceries and goods. The bag could be thrown away after a single use. While it's convenient in theory, disposable plastic bags have grave consequences for the environment. A single plastic bag will never disappear. Unlike other materials, plastic doesn't biodegrade, it simply breaks apart into smaller pieces of plastic (which is actually far worse than larger pieces because they can't be collected).
Plastic bags:
Never biodegrade.
Cause animals to suffocate and die.
Use fossil fuels to create them, increasing our dependence on foreign oil.
Are an eyesore and get caught on car antennas, mufflers, and twisted into engines
Plastic grocery bags can first of all be recycled. Many grocery stores will accept plastic bags to be recycled (usually you'll find the receptacle near the entrance or near the can redemption center).
Recycling Plastic Bags vs. Reusing Plastic Bags
Recycling almost always uses more energy than reusing. By reusing, you'll be giving the product a second life. When your recycle something, you'll be using energy to turn that product into something else, which can use energy and produce emissions.
Five Reasons You Should Bring Your Own Bag
Plastic has a hugely negative effect on the environment, and also on our society. The cons far outweigh the positives of these disposable nuisances. Here are a few reasons you should consider switching to reusable bags instead of plastic:
Bringing your own bag means you'll be carrying less to and fro. Most reusable bags hold far more than traditional disposable bags. Less trips back and forth from the car!
Each time you use your own bag, you'll get a small credit back from grocery stores. It's usually between 5 and 10 cents, which can add up over time.
Using your own bag reduces our dependence on foreign oil. Plastic uses fossil fuels, which are largely found in countries that don't have the best intentions Western World. Cast your vote for locally made reusable bags instead.
You won't have to worry about throwing away, recycling, or reusing your disposable bags. By reusing your own bags, you'll have less clutter and less trash.
You'll be sending a green message to your children. When they see you using your own bags, they'll take notice and want to do the same in their lives.
If you'd like to reuse your plastic bags, they have hundreds of uses.
Ways to Reuse Your Plastic Bags
One of the most popular ways to reuse plastic bags is to use them as a trash bag.
Place them in small trash barrels in the bathroom, bedrooms, cellar, and near the cat's litter box. Another popular use for them is to use them as doggy poop bags. If you're going out for a walk, bring along a couple of these bags.
You can also reuse plastic bags as packaging. If you're shipping out an item on eBay or shipping something to a friend, the bags can act as a cushion, much like packing peanuts, if you use enough of them.
Keep a plastic bag in your car to contain all of the trash that accumulates in your car. Then, simply tie off, throw away, and use another bag.
Donate your plastic bags to a local thrift store or charity. These prevents them from having to buy brand new bags.
Post an ad on Craigslist for your bags. A local business may want to use them (you can't beat free!).
Use your bag to contain messy foods and leftovers that might otherwise leave spills. This is especially useful with soups and liquids.
Think of things that you traditionally would use plastic for and replace them with your grocery bags. If you usually put your lawn leaves in trash bags, save up your bigger shopping bags and put the leaves in there instead.
Wrap a bag around bags of flour, sugar, and other messy baking ingredients. This can help contain the mess and make for an easier clean up.
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